Search results for "DEPENDENT REGULATION"
showing 2 items of 2 documents
Muscarinic type-1 receptors contribute to I-K,I-ACh in human atrial cardiomyocytes and are upregulated in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation
2018
Background: Basal and acetylcholine-gated inward-rectifier K+-currents (I-K1 and I-K,I-ACh, respectively) are altered in atrial fibrillation (AF). G(i)-protein-coupled muscarinic (M) receptors type-2 are considered the predominant receptors activating I-K,I-ACh. Although a role for G(q)-coupled non-M-2-receptor subtypes has been suggested, the precise regulation of I-K,I-ACh by multiple M-receptor subtypes in the human atrium is unknown. Here, we investigated M-1-receptor-mediated I-K,I-ACh regulation and its remodeling in chronic AF (cAF). Methods and results: M-1-receptor mRNA and protein abundance were increased in atrial cardiomyocyte fractions and atrial homogenates from cAF patients, …
Independent regulation in the contemporary Italian legal system
2018
According to some comparative studies, contemporary nation states exhibit an apparently impetuous worldwide general convergence toward the establishment of independent regulatory authorities (IRAs) with regard to a wide range of policy sectors (§ 2). In the Italian political system of the so-called First Republic (1948-93), the widespread attitude towards independent regulation used to be unfavourable. IRAs were affected by several obstructing factors which postponed or hindered their creation and undermined the institutionalization and the performance of the few existing ones (§ 3). In recent years some new IRAs were introduced, and some of the existing ones (which in the past had undergon…